No, Oil Does Not Come From Dinosaurs

In 1933, the Sinclair Oil Corporation sponsored a dinosaur exhibit at the Worlds Fair in Chicago on the premise that the worlds oil reserves were formed during the Mesozoic Era, when the dinosaurs lived. The exhibit was so popular that Sinclair promptly adopted a big, green brontosaurus (today wed call it an apatosaurus) as its official mascot. Even as late as 1964, when geologists and paleontologists were starting to know better, Sinclair repeated this trick at the much bigger New York Worlds Fair, driving home the connection between dinosaurs and oil to an entire generation of impressionable baby boomers. Today, Sinclair Oil has pretty much gone the way of the dinosaur itself (the company has been acquired, and its divisions spun off several times; there are still, however, a few thousand Sinclair Oil gas stations dotting the American midwest). The premise that oil originated from dinosaurs has been harder to shake, though. Politicians, journalists, and even occasional well-meaning scientists have repeated this myth. Which prompts the question, Where does oil really come from? Tiny Bacteria, Not Huge Dinosaurs, Formed Oil You may be surprised to learn that oil reserves were actually produced by microscopic bacteria, not house-sized dinosaurs. Single-celled bacteria evolved in the earths oceans about three billion years ago and were pretty much the only life form on the planet until about 600 million years ago. As tiny as these individual bacteria were, bacterial colonies, or mats, grew to truly massive proportions (were talking thousands, or even millions, of tons for an extended colony). Of course, individual bacteria dont live forever; their lifespans can be measured in days, hours, and sometimes even minutes. As the members of these massive colonies died off, they sank to the bottom of the sea and were gradually covered by accumulating sediment. Over millions of years, these layers of sediment grew heavier and heavier until the dead bacteria trapped below were cooked by the pressure and temperature into a stew of liquid hydrocarbons. This is the reason the worlds largest oil reserves are located thousands of feet underground and not readily available on the earths  surface in the form of lakes and rivers. When considering this, its important to try to grasp the concept of deep geologic time, a talent possessed by very few people. Try to wrap your mind around the enormity of the figures: bacteria and single-celled organisms were the dominant forms of life on earth for a whopping two and a half to three billion years, a virtually incomprehensible stretch of time when measured against human civilization, which is only about 10,000 years old, and even against the reign of the dinosaurs, which lasted only about 165 million years. Thats a lot of bacteria, a lot of time, and a lot of oil. Does Coal Come From Dinosaurs? In a way, its closer to the mark to say that coal, rather than oil, comes from dinosaurs—but its still dead wrong. Most of the worlds coal deposits were laid down during the Carboniferous period, about 300 million years ago—which was still a good  75 million or so years before the evolution of the first dinosaurs. During the Carboniferous period, the hot, humid earth was blanketed by dense jungles and forests; as the plants and trees in these forests and jungles died, they were buried beneath layers of sediment, and their unique, fibrous  chemical structure caused them to be cooked into solid coal rather than liquid oil. There is an important asterisk here, though. Its not inconceivable that some dinosaurs perished in conditions that lent themselves to the formation of fossil fuels—so, theoretically, a tiny proportion of the worlds oil, coal, and natural gas reserves could be attributed to rotting dinosaur carcasses. You just have to bear in mind that the contribution of dinosaurs to our fossil fuel reserves  is  orders of magnitude smaller than that of bacteria and plants. In terms of biomass—that is, the total weight of all the living organisms that have ever existed on earth—bacteria and plants are the true heavyweights; all other forms of life amount to mere rounding errors. Yes, Some Dinosaurs Are Discovered Near Oil Deposits Thats all well and good, you might think—but how do you account for all the dinosaurs (and other prehistoric vertebrates) that have been discovered by work crews searching for oil and natural gas deposits? For example, the well-preserved fossils of plesiosaurs, a family of marine reptiles, have been unearthed near Canadian oil deposits, and a meat-eating dinosaur accidentally discovered during a fossil-fuel drilling expedition in China has been given the well-deserved name gasosaurus. There are two ways to answer this question. First, the carcass of any animal that has been compressed into oil, coal, or natural gas wouldnt leave any identifiable fossil; it would be entirely converted into fuel, skeleton and all. And second, if the remains of a dinosaur happen to be discovered in the rocks adjoining or covering an oil or coal field, that simply means the unfortunate creature met its end hundreds of millions of years after that field was formed; the precise interval can be determined by the relative location of the fossil in the surrounding geologic sediments.

A Study On Student s Abilities - 1128 Words

Design a Study Teachers who have higher expectations of their student’s abilities will have a higher academic achievement as compared to teachers who have low expectations of their students abilities. In this study, the independent variable is the expectation of the teachers on their student’s abilities, and the dependent variable is the student achievements based upon the teacher expectations. The achievements can be measured by monitoring classrooms in a high school setting for English class for one year, with some classes having a teacher with high expectations, and other classes having a teacher with low expectations. The achievements would be measured by a preliminary assessment, test results, quarterly reports, and an end of year†¦show more content†¦The first limitation I came across was that the students themselves can determine their academic achievements. For example they could be really good students who try there hardest no matter what or there could be bad studen ts who do not care if you have high expectations or not. Secondly, the subject at hand can also have a big influence. In this case the subject is English because it is a requirement class. Therefore if the student enjoys english they will do very well and achieve good things because they enjoy learning about the subject. But if the student does not enjoy english they will not care to do their best on their work and will do the minimum to just pass the class. Lastly, the atmosphere they are in is also another thing that can influence the student. If they are in an atmosphere where the whole class acts up and does not do their work they will follow in those footsteps. However if they are surrounded by a mixture of people who do their work or do not do their work they will choose to do what they think is best. Fear and Affiliation In a previous study, a researcher decided to test if people who experience fear prefer to be alone or with other people. In this study, the participants were all women and were randomly assigned to either condition— the â€Å"fear† condition and the â€Å"no fear† condition. The dependent variable being the women and how their emotions and choice to stay together or alone will be measured, and the

Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Model Free Essays

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Model is to investigate and assess how the concept or consciousness about morality arises and what constitutes this perception about morality. He provides six stages of development which explains how a child obtains and develops his own idea of moral action. When a child experiences a dilemma in which he or she must be able to come up with a particular decision and actualize it, Kohlberg tells that the child’s judgment could be explain through his model. We will write a custom essay sample on Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first three stages are crucial for the reason that the child’s response is dependent on his or her initial orientation on morality. The first stage explains that a child’s response might be based on the idea of obedience and punishment. The child would act in such a way that he or she obeys what the immediate authority imposes to him or her (e. g. rules set in the house or in the school). The right action for the child would be if he or she is able to follow the rules which would also make him or her free from any form of punishment. The child would assert that he or she must not such and such acts to prevent being punished. The second stage is when the child realizes that his or her actions, whatever they are, have equivalent consequences. If he or she would act like this for the benefit or harm of others he or she might think that the same thing would be done for or against him or her. In short, his or her actions would be based on how he or she perceives the result of his or her actions which is still directed towards his or her own interests. The third stage explains that the child in this period learns that it is not all about him or her or not always geared towards his or her own satisfaction. In this stage, the child becomes conscious about how others perceive him or her. Thus, his or her actions are not just dependent on what he or she likes but also on how others would see him or her as a moral person. The child would think that â€Å"I ought not to tell a lie because others will see me as a bad person for doing so. † In short, the concept of conventional morality starts at this point. How to cite Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Model, Papers

Unethical Practices Of The Coca Cola Company Essay Example For Students

Unethical Practices Of The Coca Cola Company Essay Coca Cola Company is one of the best merchandising drinks companies in the universe and it has extended its concerns worldwide. As a consequence of their success and as a consequence of their extreme part towards the universe economic system most of Coca Cola s unethical concern patterns have been ignored by the general populace. Yet as a consequence of the protests and civil organisations activities against the company reveals the truth. Coca Cola Company was established in May 1886 and since its origin they have used important sum of drugs in order to do alone formula and the drink consists of 60mg of cocaine which comes from the coca leaves. Even though the cocaine is harmful to human organic structure company utilize it with their merchandises in order creates dependence towards the merchandise. This was a entire offense and unethical pattern of the company so legal issues were brought against Coca-Cola and they had to avoid cocaine but as a permutation company decided to utiliz e caffeine which is besides good known as an habit-forming ingredient. Apart from that company was sued for misdirecting labeling procedure in 2006. Company had included sham inside informations about the drink which mislead the consumers. This is one of the unethical concern patterns of the Coca Cola Company. In 2001 company was accused for go againsting human rights of the employees who work in bottling workss in Columbia. Company has offered really hapless and insecure working environment besides they were paid really low rewards. The worst portion of the above narrative was company was suspected for snatchs and killing of brotherhood members who tried to win their demands and rights by utilizing the paramilitary decease squads. This is a good illustration for the unethical concern patterns of the organisations and it is non accepted by the whole society. How organisations can achieve success by being an ethical organisation Most of the concerns exist to do net incomes but maximising the net incomes should non be the lone intent of the any concern but it should be more ethical. With the development of the planetary concern patterns and constructs organisations are acute on bring forthing the merchandises that non harmful to human existences and environmental friendly and harmless new engineerings are being used to do such merchandises. In add-on to that organisations avoid the deceptive advertisement patterns and employees and consumers are treated reasonably and candidly. Organizations can derive more advantages by practising ethical behaviour. Now it is clip to show the advantages of being an ethical organisation. So I have used the direct merchandising company which was established in UK as an illustration. Amway is really celebrated immense planetary direct gross revenues endeavor which ain by few households of UK and it manufactures and distributes more than 450 consumer merchandises. This company has become prima icon as a organisation that follows organisational societal duties, that have implemented societal and ethical plans around the universe, that have action programs to be a good corporate citizen and as a organisation that support people to heighten their life criterions. Amway s vision is assisting people live better lives so by maintaining their vision in head company helps to hapless kids around the universe peculiarly to entree to instruction and medical specialty. Amway Company execute major function in the societies it maps. They have implemented planetary concern scheme for bring forthing, distributing, and marketing the merchandise over the local boundaries. In order to be strength for above mentioned schemes and addition positive image for the organisation it has created another scheme for advancing corporate societal duty of the company in globally. The policy include assisting to charities, ever moving in a ethical manner and honest manner. .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .postImageUrl , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:hover , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:visited , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:active { border:0!important; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:active , .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222 .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue19827596ddd9693110253c771216222:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution EssayBy set uping ethical policies organisation expects to construct up trueness and pride towards their merchandises, heighten Amway s repute as a lovingness organisation, make a existent difference to human lives, conducts societal runs that support the concern and societal purposes of the company, to construct trust and regard in Amway trade names and to set up corporate societal duty as a high precedence. As an ethical concern organisation Amway contributes to societies in several ways such as making employees occupation security, supplying harmless goods that value for consumer s money and carry oning community carry oning undertakings. The company has created concern moralss that can steer the behaviour of the company and its supporting functions. As a consequence of the ethical company they have to fallow regulations and ordinances of the different states that they functions without go againsting them and they need to protect the consumers by supplying safety goods which meet the quality criterions and satisfaction degrees of the clients. This straight helps and encourages ethical selling procedure of the organisation. Amway operates in extremely competitory concern environment and they have found perfect competitory advantages executing a positive engagement in the society and paying their more attending on environmental protection plans. As a consequence of refering above mentioned facts society believes that the organisation is really ethical and it helps to upgrade its image as a more accountable organisation. This is how the Amway Company attains many concern advantages by being an ethical concern organisation. This illustration will be good theoretical account to follow because if any other concern can work such manner it is easy to heighten their concern repute, it is easy to better the client base and trueness and it is easy to increase client satisfaction and eventually any organisation can maximise the net incomes by showing harmless goods.